You will notice the rain water moving through areas like a stream carrying debris such. Dec 28, 2019 soil erosion soil erosion is the loosening and displacement of topsoil from the land due to the action of agents like wind and water. Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. Wind erosion is occurred when pieces of the earth are worn away by the strong winds. Weathering and erosion lead to the simultaneous process of degradation and aggradation.
The hyperarid and cold regions are excluded in this estimate. The value of erosion prediction was recognized almost immediately after a. Dust control shall be applied in accordance with caltrans standard practices. The word erosion is derived from the latin rodere meaning to gnaw, the same root that gives us the word rodent. Susceptibility to wind erosion is related rather definitely to the moisture content of soils. Water erosion is very simplistically speaking caused by rainfall, river flow, waves wave action, hydraulic action and abrasion, corrosion, glacier movement, thawing, etc. The erosion and sedimentation process types of erosion erosion is a natural process by which soil and rock material is loosened and removed. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice glaciers, snow, air wind, plants, animals, and humans.
Pdf estimation of wind and water erosion based on slope aspects. Pdf the reduction of partitioned wind and water erosion by. Types and forms of erosion by water and by wind food and. Land degradation soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. Pdf soil is the most fundamental and basic natural resource for all life to survive. While the causes of erosion by water are generally natural, we can play a large role in reducing water erosion, and preventing water pollution.
Soon, factors for the effects of climatic crosivity, cropping, and management were added. Wind erosion is a common cause of land degradation in the arid and semi arid grazing lands of inland queensland. Soil erosion is a naturally occurring phenomenon wheresoil particles are displaced and carried away by water, wind or other agents. Estimating sheet and rill erosion how, why, and by whom water erosion is estimated nrcs estimates soil erosion by water as part of its technical assistance to land users. Advances in wind and water erosion prediction journal of. After reading this article you will learn about wind erosion.
Erosionthe process by which weathered sediments are carriedtransported agents of erosion are the materials or forces that move sediments from one place to another force that causes erosion is gravity agents of erosion. Soil quality information sheet rangeland soil quality water erosion usda, natural resources conservation service may 2001 rangeland sheet 9 what is water erosion. Erosion by the action of water, wind, and ice has produced some of the most spectacular landscapes we know. Dredging streams to ease this problem is costly and wreaks havoc on aquatic plant and animal communities. Processes and principles of erosion and sedimentation. Soil atlas of europe map showing the risk of water erosion in the 27 member states of the european union fact sheet no. Part two is a procedure for evaluating winderosion effects on soil loss and, subsequently, on crop yields. The loose and dissolved materials move from one location to another. Wind erosion wind erosion is the form of soil degradation by the action of the wind which abrades, transports and deposes soil sand particles.
Detachment and transportation of soil particles caused by rainfall runoffsplash. Fine sand grains are removed leaving behind coarser material. Water erosion is the wearing away of the soil surface by water from rain, runoff, snowmelt, and irrigation. Tables listing the prevailing wind erosion direction by month for many locations in the united states are available see nrcs weq web site address at the end of this document. This also occurs at latitudes 30 degrees n and 30 degrees s as a. There are about 17 million km2 or 37% of the drylands that are vulnerable to wind erosion. Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind when the soil particles are detached and transported to a. Water erosion is caused by two main forces raindrop impact and flowing water. Water erosion results from the removal of soil material by flowing water. Zingg 22 in 1940 published his erosion equation that calculated sheet and rill erosion as a function of slope length and steepness.
So, water erosion is the detachment and transport of soil material by water. It is hard to see erosion and weathering caused by wind and water because the process happens so slowly and with such small amounts of soil or rock. Pdf soil loss due to wind and water erosion degrades the soil onsite and results in environmental problems due to deposition in offsite. The classes of accelerated erosion that follow apply to both water and wind erosion. The process may be natural or accelerated by human activity. Wind erosion refers to the detachment, transport, and deposition of sediment by wind. Desert erosion geography of deserts the geographic location of deserts is controlled by descending air masses. Water is arguably the most powerful tool for erosion, thanks to its great ability to move objects from one location to another.
Wind sediments that have been transported by wind appear pitted holes and frosted glazed effective in moving small, loose material occurs in areas where there is not enough rainfall to support vegetation main effects. Rainwater in the form of runoff is the main driver of water erosion. Significant wind erosion occurs when strong winds blow over lighttextured soils that have been heavily grazed during periods of. The processes are always occurring naturally throughout the world. This occurs on the leeward side rain shadow of a mountain range. Land degradation, soil erosion and soil conservation pmf ias. Covering of small stockpiles or areas is an alternative to applying water or other dust palliatives. For students to print off, complete and turn in for a grade how water and wind erosion occur exercise pdf. Soon, factors for the effects of climatic crosivity, cropping, and management were. Wind erosion is the removal of soil by wind and australia is especially susceptible to this factor because of its naturally dry climate due to the geological stability resulting in very old soil, which is mineral deficient and fragile especially in australias extreme climate. What are the differences between wind erosion and water. Wind erosion control consists of applying water andor other dust palliatives as necessary to prevent or alleviate erosion by the forces of wind. This process could be natural or facilitated by human activity. Causes, effects and types of erosion water, wind, glacier.
Water erosion comes in several different forms with various causes. Soil erosion soil erosion is the loosening and displacement of topsoil from the land due to the action of agents like wind and water. Globally there are about 19 million km2 41% of susceptible dryland of land vulnerable to water erosion. The rate of erosion may be very slow to very rapid. Wind erosion causes damage to the crops by removing the soil which crops needed from it. Wind erosion changes the environment, especially if there is nothing to block its effects. This erosion is the dominant form of soil degradation troeh et al. The main agents of erosion are water, wind and gravity. It is one of the processes leading to desertification.
Erosion is the wearing away of the earths surface by the action of natural forces, for example, water, wind and glacial ice. Cut out each piece on the two pages and staple together to form a flipbook. Erosion is a natural process but is often intensified by human land use practices. Weathering and erosion can change the shape of coastlines, form canyons, create valleys, and change the earths surface over time. A strong, turbulent wind, coupled with highly erodible field conditions, causes wind erosion. Erosion, removal of surface material from earths crust, primarily soil and rock debris, and the transportation of the eroded materials by natural agencies such as water or wind from the point of removal. This leaflet explains the different types of erosion on the north coast.
It is a dynamic, physical process where loose, dry, bare soils are transported by strong winds. The rate at which erosion occurs depends upon the properties of the soil, terrain, climate, rainfall intensity and duration, and the volume and. In conservation planning, erosion estimates are made for an existing management system and compared with alternative systems and with soil loss tolerance, t, values. Example of rill erosion and redeposition of sediment at the base of the slope source. Use the information provided in the book to answer the questions on the last page. In this set of science stations, students learn about how wind and water change the shape of the land. Five ways to reduce wind erosion keep your soil covered and reduce the wind speed to prevent wind from removing your valuable topsoil. Types of erosion environment, land and water queensland. Soil erosion in nature may be a slow process geological erosion or a fast process promoted by human activities like overgrazing, deforestation. For students to print off, complete, and turn in for a grade types of water and wind erosion exercise pdf.
Pdf the crisscross region of the chinese loess plateau is affected from both wind and water erosion, and their relative contributions remain unclear find. You may not see it taking place, but the next time there is a heavy rain, with permission, take a walk through your neighborhood. Describe the mechanismsprocesses of how water and wind erosion occur. Global dimensions of vulnerability to wind and water erosion. Erosion is the general term that describes the physical breakdown and chemical dissolution of rock and the simultaneous movement of material. It encompasses physical soil erosion, chemical salinity and alkalinity, pollution and biological deterioration pollution and. Water and wind erosion are two main agents that degrade soils find, read and cite all the research you. Erosion even in deserts, the main agent of erosion is water. Wind erosion control consists of applying water and or other dust palliatives as necessary to prevent or alleviate erosion by the forces of wind. Wind circulates and pushes particulates across wide bodies of water.
Soil quality information sheet rangeland soil quality water. No matter the differences, we humans can have a large impact on our water quality and erosion rates. Wind and water are two things that contribute to most of the changes in land. Identify and describe the types of wind and water erosion. Soil erosion is an important process in dryland ecosystems, yet measurements and comparisons of wind and water erosion within and among such. Wind erosion is the process by which wind moves sand or soil from one location to another. Water erosion how to control the main types of erosion. Wind erodes the surface of a barren landmass in arid climates. For example, when humans cut down too many trees and plants, the soil remains. Wind erosion is a threat to the sustainability of the land as well as the viability and quality of life for rural and urban communities. Wind energy also has great power to dislodge surface soil particles, and. The critical wind erosion period is that part of the year when agricultural fields are particularly vulnerable to wind erosion. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil degradation.
The reported erosions rates on arable land vary to a large extent, depending on the combination of influencing factors. In addition, these particulates may collide with solid objects causing erosion by abrasion. These actions depend mainly on the type of soil, the climate, the vegetation cover, the speed and frequency of wind. Water erosion is the detachment and removal of soil material by water. It occurs in dry bare areas when wind blows and moves the dirt around. Weathering is where rock is broken down and dissolved into tiny particles by chemical, physical and. While the causes of erosion by water are generally natural, we can play a large role in reducing water. Wind and water erosion and transport in semia wiley online library. The extent of wind erosion and related processes is particularly mentioned as a growing threat to agricultural soils 22. The rate at which erosion occurs depends upon the properties of the soil, terrain, climate, rainfall intensity and.
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